by c.650: Maranda, or Marandet, settled by this date. The city was a center for copper and the name, according to Hamdani, meant henna. The capital city of Gobir after they moved south of Air was also named for henna, while the name Gobir is said to resemble the Coptic word for henna.
872: al-Yaqubi mentions Maranda, possibly the earliest known Hausa state or town that was connected to trans-Saharan trade routes, as well as the Marawiyyun who were listed after Qaqu and before Maranda. Al-Yaqubi's brief account describes a kingdom of al-HBShH with a town called ThBYR, whose king is called MRH, next to the Qaqu, who lived under the yoke of the king of ThBYR. Kawkaw (Gao) appears to have dominated some of these kingdoms, including in its empire al-MRW (an extensive realm). In addition, al-Yaqubi referenced the kingdom of Malal, described as an enemy of Kanem, ruled by MYWSY. According to Hamani, there are many ruins of the ancient Azna people of at Amellal, east of Amandar, in Azawak. Lastly, al-Yaqubi wrote of polities or peoples called Zayanir, the kingdom of 'RWR, and more.The kingdom of al-MRW had a capital called al-Hya.
-889/890: al-Yaqubi completed his Kitab al-buldan, which mentioned the Miriyyun, Zaghawiyyun, and Marwiyyun among the black slaves exported from Zawila
-c.903: Ibn al-Faqih mentioned Maranda and Marawa as locations on the trade route stretching from Ghana to Egypt
-c.956: al-Masu'udi described the Marka peoples as a group of Sudan in the west, after Kanem and before Kawkaw
-before 967-988: Ibn Hawqal's work goes into great detail on the Sanhaja and Berbers of the southern Sahara, mentioning clan and tribal groups still around in Mali and Niger. Those mentioned include Tarja, Sattata, Makita, Karka, Kilsanadat, Istafan, Imkitan.
-1068: al-Bakri's work mentions a land called Hir (Air?)
-c.1154: Maranda described by al-Idrisi as a populous town yet seldom visited because their merchandise is scare. Yet nomads stop there (from Kawar and Air?)
-1166-1182: Reign of Abdallah Bakuru of Kanem; Borno mahrams collected by Palmer mention his mahram granted to the Beni Mukhtar Tura in the Kawar (Dirku), and mention of conflict between Air (Ahir) and Dirku Tura
-after 1269: Ibn Sa'id's geographical treatise refers to Berbers between Kawkaw and Kanem who were converted to Islam by the ruler of Kanem (and they provide camels used by Kanem's raids)
-c.1337-38: al-Umari's writings allude to a Berber sultan of Ahir (Air), who was considered greater than the Berber kings of Tadmakka and DMWshH
-1353: Ibn Battuta left Takadda, a city he described as exporting copper worked by slaves to Kubar. Sultan of Takadda, a Berber named Izar, was said to have been in a dispute with the Takarkari, another Berber sultans. Ibn Battuta later described Kahir as the country of the Karkari sultan, a grassy land where people buy sheep and dry the flesh, which is later exported to Tuwat
-Also, in 1353, an ambassador of Takadda's ruler at Biskara described the city as an importance stop for travelers to Mali. One caravan of merchants that passed through Takadda included 12,000 camels.
1355: Ibn Battuta's Rihla mentions Gobir as a non-Muslim kingdom importing copper and practicing human sacrifice
-1404/5-1423/4: Reign of Yunus as Sultan of Air
-1423/4-1429/30: Reign of Akkasan
-1429/30-1449/50: Reign of Alisau
-c.1438-1452: Borno attacked Asben/Air during this period, but couldn’t find water, ended by receiving tribute from lands west of Borno; Kano gave tsare to Borno
-1449/50-1453: Reign of Amini; brief reign of Ibn Takuma in civil war
-1452-1463: Fulani go to Borno, according to Kano Chronicle while Gwanja merchants arrived in Katsina, Kanuri came in larger numbers, and Asbenawa came to Gobir. Reign of Abdulahi Burja in Kano
-1453-1461/2: Reign of Ibrahim
-c.1460: Agadez built, according to Marmol, though Hamani cites traditions and evidence of an earlier Hausa or Gobirawa presence at Agades
-1461/2-1477/78: Reign of Yusuf
-1477/78-1486/7: Reign of Muhammad al-Kabir
-1486/7-1493/4: Reign of Muhammad Sattafan
-c.1492-1493: al-Maghili in Takedda
-1493: al-Lamtuni, probably from Air, wrote to al-Suyuti in Cairo
-c.1493: Letter form al-Suyuti to the rulers of Katsina and Agadez; reference to human sacrifice of slaves by Gobirawa when they are ill
-1493/4-1502/3: Reign of Muhammad b. Abd al-Rahman
-1493-1528: Reign of Askia Muhammad I of Songhay
-1500/1501: Askia Muhammad I of Songhay drove Tilza of Air out of his sultanate
-1502/3-1516: Reign of Muhammad al-Adil and Muhammad Humad
-1516: Askia Muhammad's campaign against al-Adala, sultan of Agadez
-1516-1518: Reign of Muhammad in Agadez
-1517/18: Askia Muhammad of Songhay campaigns against Kebbi
-1518-1541/2: Reign of Ibrahim Muhammad Sattafan
-1541/2-1553/4: Reign of Muhammad
-1553/4-1591/2: Reign of Muhammad al-Adil b. al-Hajj al-Aqib
-c.1561: Borno-Kebbi War, Borno said to have fielded an army of 100,000 against Kebbi after Kebbi attacks on Air region, but Kebbi defeated Borno (yet Muhammad Kanta died after)
-1591/2-1593/4/5: Reign of Akanfaya
-1593/4/5: Reign of Yusuf ibn alhaji Ahmad with brief interlude of 4 months under Muhammad ibn al-Mubarek
-early 1600s: Town of Illela founded by Asben immigrants (part of Katsina kingdom)
c.1601: Ibn al-Mubarak fled to Kazway in Borno during civil war with his cousin Yusuf, ruler of Agadez (date from H.R. Palmer)
-c1619-1639: Reign of al-hajj Umar b. Idris of Borno; Waldede-Jirmi Affair during his reign, in which Shaykh Jirmi was killed by Sultan Umar and Waldede fled to Bagirmi. Shaykh Umar Waldede was said to have traveled to Agadez and Timbuktu for study, was part of the Fulani diaspora.
-1621/2-1654: Reign of Muhammad al-Tafrij
1639-1677: Reign of Mai Ali b. Umar of Borno, who was praised in poem by Dan Marina for his victory against the Kwararafa
-1654-1687: Muhammad al-Mubarak's reign in Agadez
-1657: Agadez began exporting senna to Fezzan (Girard)
-1667: Borno-Tuareg war; Borno prince Medicon sold into slavery after Agadez attacked Borno, but Mai Ali b. Umar was able to have the Pasha of Tripoli find and liberate Medicon
-1674: Sultanate of Agadez conquers Ader/Adar after defeating Kebbi
-1675: Prince al-Hajj Aknafaya of Agadez went on 2nd pilgrimage to Mecca
-1679: Muhammad al-Mubarak, Sultan of Agadez, invades Borno, troops led by Muhammad b. al-Hajj Ibrahim, surnamed Amma Fatim, with Kel Away Tuaregs
-1681: Prince Akanfaya of Agadez went on third pilgrimage
-1683: Muhammad al-Mubarak of Agadez brought about peace between Kel-Oui and Itissines at In-Teboraq
-1685: Agadez war with Zanfara; Agabba of Agadez returns to Adar
-1687: Muhammad al-Mubarak of Agadez died during epidemic, succeeded by Agabba
-1687-1720: Reign of Muhammad Agabba of Agadez
-1689: Successful counterattack of Muhammad Agabba (Agadez Sultanate) against Gobir; Awlad Muhammad ruler fled to Katsina
October 1710: Fra Carlo Maria de Genoa met an Agadez prince at Taraghen in the Fezzan
-1721: Muhammad Agabba of Agadez dethroned by brother al-Amin, fled to Adar and ruled among the Itisen from Birni-n-Ader until 1738
-1721-1722: Muhammad al-Wali replaced al-Amin as sultan of Agadez
-1723-1735: Reign of Muhammd ag-Ghaisha, nephew of Agabba
-1726: Tuareg of Air war with Gobir
-1735-1740: Reign of Muhammad Humad
-1738: Death of Agabba, sultan of Adar
-1740: Kel Owey Tuareg invade the palace of Agadesand slaughter many people
-1740-1744: Reign of Muhammd Ghuma
-1744-1759: Second reign of Muhmmad Humad
-c.1759: Bilma War between Tuareg of Air and Borno, resulting in Tuareg of Agadez confederation becoming the dominant player in the movement of Kawar salt to Hausaland; Agadez Chronicles also report the Sultan attacking Gobir with Kel Owey.
-1759-1763: Reign of Muhammad Ghuma
-1763-1768: Reign of Muhammad Humad (third time)
-1765: Kanuri massacred Kel Ewey Tuareg, leading to retaliation by Sultan Muhammad of Agadez who attacked Borno, marching to the gates of the capital
-1768-1792: Reign of Muhammad al-Udala
-1780s: Earliest known Kel Owey settlement on the trade route from Ahir to Katsina established at Magami
-1792-1797: Reign of Muhammad al-Dani
-1797-1809/10: Reign of Muhammad al-Baqiri
-by 1800: Many in Agades had moved south to Hausaland
-1809/10-1818: Reign of Muhammad Humad
-1818-1828: Reign of Ibrahim
-1828-1835/6: Reign of Muhammad Ghuma (2nd reign)
-1835/6-1849: Abd al-Qadir's reign in Agadez